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PerryScope: The World's Melting Pot |
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 By Perry Diaz
In 1274, Khubilai Khan, grandson of the great Mongol conqueror Genghis Kahn,
having conquered most of China, decided to attack Japan and expand the Mongolian
Empire beyond the shorelines of China. The invading force consisted of 900 ships
and 23,000 troops. But bad weather stopped the Mongols and the invasion was
aborted. In 1281, the Mongols tried again, this time with an armada of 4,000
ships. However, a strong hurricane stopped the invading forces.
Had the Mongols succeeded in colonizing Japan, they would have continued their
advance southward to the Philippines and Indonesia; thus, expanding empire from
Syria and Eastern Europe to Southeast Asia.. Khubilai Khan died in 1294 and his
dream of expansion died with him.
More than a century later, during the reign of Emperor Yung Lo of China (1402 to
1424), he claimed the island of Luzon and placed it under his empire. The
biggest settlement of Chinese was in Lingayen, now the capital of Pangasinan.
Lingayen also became the seat of the Chinese colonial government in Luzon. When
Yung Lo died, the Chinese colonial government was dissolved. However, the
Chinese settlers in Lingayen remained and prospered. Most of them hispanized
their names during the Spanish era.
Ninety seven years after Emperor Yung Lo died, in 1521, Ferdinand Magellan “discovered”
the Philippines and claimed it for the Spanish Crown. Another “discovery”
made in 1521 was Mexico. Hernan Cortez and his Spanish armada conquered the
Aztec empire and did not waste any time colonizing it. The colony was named
Nueva Espana. Thousands of Spaniards were encouraged to settle in Mexico with
promises of land and wealth.
In 1542, the Spanish explorer Ruy Lopez de Villalobos named the archipelago Las
Islas Filipinas after Philip II, the future king of Spain. However, Spain wasn't
too enthused in colonizing the far-flung archipelago. Villalobos did not stay
too long and left. He probably was too scared to stay and get killed by
Lapu-Lapu or the other natives.
In 1565, Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, a Spaniard turned Mexican functionary, led an
expedition to Filipinas to subjugate the natives. He succeeded. At first he
established his capital in Cebu. However, it was too close to Mactan where
Magellan was killed and that made him uneasy.
In 1571, using the Cebu natives, known as Pintados for their tattoos on their
bodies, he attacked Maynilad in Luzon, a thriving native settlement frequented
by Chinese traders. He captured the settlement, renamed it Manila, and made it
the capital of Filipinas. Thus, the colonization of the Philippines started.
Legazpi served as the governor-general of the new colony. For 250 years -- from
1565 to 1815 -- Filipinas was ruled by the Viceroy of Nueva Espana for the
Spanish Crown. Those who succeeded Legazpi as governor-general were all Mexicans
until 1815 when Spain took direct control of the Philippines.
In 1815, the Mexicans started fighting for independence. Until then, Mexico
governed the Philippines and this gave rise to the claim that the Philippines
was indeed a colony of Mexico. Why not? All of the governor-generals -- except
Legazpi -- during the Mexican administration of the Philippines were born in
Mexico. Most of the soldiers, colonists, missionaries, and traders who went to
the Philippines were born in Mexico. Mexicans were encouraged to migrate to the
Philippines. They were promised land and wealth.
The 250 years under direct Mexican authority had created a strong cultural link
between the two colonies of Spain. The Galleon Trade thrived. It was the only
trade route linking the Philippines and the other colonies of Spain. Each year,
two galleons crossed the vast Pacific Ocean from Manila to Acapulco. It took one
year for each galleon to complete a round trip.
When war broke out between Spain and the British Empire in 1762, Britain
attacked the Spanish forces in the Philippines. Spain surrendered the
Philippines and Britain immediately established a military government in Manila.
However, the British presence in the Philippines only lasted until 1763 when the
Treaty of Paris ended the war.
During the Mexican revolution, Spain, fearing that the Mexican independence
movement would spread to the Philippines, took over the administration of the
Philippines. In 1821, Mexico gained its independence and the Galleon Trade --
after 256 years -- finally ended its Manila-Acapulco route. The period under
direct Spanish rule was also the turbulent years in the Philippines.
Revolutionary ideas began to flourish among a new class of Filipinos -- the
illustrados -- that eventually led to Philippines independence from Spain in
1898.
The American presence started when Spain, sensing that it was losing the
Philippines to the Filipino revolutionaries, ceded the Philippines to the United
States for 20 million dollars. Thus, began the Americanization of the
Philippines, a period of time that ended in Philippine independence in 1946.
For 381 years, the 2,000-year Indo-Malay culture of the Philippines had been
enriched with the introduction of Asian, European, Mexican, and American
cultures. Strategically located at the crossroads of southeast Asia, the
Philippines has become a melting pot of the world's cultures.
(PerryDiaz@aol.com)
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Posted on Wednesday, May 18 @ 16:26:10 CDT by don |
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