 |
Main Menu |
 |
|
Total Hits |
|
We received
2544176
page views since March 2004 |
|
|
|
|
|
Donations |
|
| HELP KEEP OUR SERVERS ONLINE! |  | | Donat-o-Meter Stats | | January´s Goal: | $160.00 | | Due Date: | Jan 31 | | Gross Amount: | $0.00 | | Net Balance: | $0.00 | | Left to go: | $160.00 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Upcoming Events |
|
|
|
Forums |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Gutom Recipes |
|
|
|
Recommended Links |
|
|
|
Ads by Google |
|
|
|
Paid Advertising |
|
|
|
Advertising |
|
|
|
|
Perryscope: Was Bonifacio the First President? |
|
 by: Perry Diaz
On July 7, 1892, Andres Bonifacio -- upon hearing the news that Dr. Jose Rizal was arrested and deported to Dapitan the day before -- called for a meeting with five of his friends. That night, they organized a secret society called Kataastaasang Kagalanggalangan na Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan (Highest and Most Respected Society of the Sons and Daughters of the Nation) -- in short, Katipunan. Bonifacio was named their Supremo.
They recruited people to join and by 1896, on the eve of the revolution, the
Katipunan had more than 400,000 members. During the revolution, two dominant
leaders emerged -- Bonifacio and Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo. By 1897, to the
detriment of the revolution, their rivalry had divided the revolutionary forces
into Bonifacio's Magdiwang faction and Aguinaldo's Magdalo faction.
Attempts were made to reconcile the two leaders. On March 22, 1897, the two
factions held a convention in Tejeros, a barrio of San Francisco de Malabon in
Cavite, Aguinaldo's bailiwick. Aguinaldo did not attend the assemblage. Jacinto
Lumbreras, a Magdiwang, presided over the assembly. The agenda of the convention
was to adopt a plan for the defense of Cavite. However, the subject was not even
discussed as the meeting became tumultuous. Instead, those in attendance decided
to elect the officers of the revolutionary government. In essence, the
participants threw out the Supreme Council of the Katipunan under which all the
revolutionary forces had been fighting for. Bonifacio reluctantly agreed to
preside over the election. Aguinaldo was elected President; Mariano Trias as
Vice President; Artemio Ricarte as Captain-General; Emiliano Riego de Dios as
Director of War; and Bonifacio as Director of the Interior. The following day,
Aguinaldo and the other elected officials, with the exception of Bonifacio, took
their oath of office in the new revolutionary government.
Meanwhile, on the same day the Aguinaldo took his oath of office, March 23,
Bonifacio and his followers -- numbering forty-five -- met again at the same
venue of the convention held the day before. They were furious. They felt bad
about the results of the election. They believed that the Magdalo faction
committed anomalies during the balloting. Consequently, they decided to
invalidate the election. They drew up a document -- Acta de Tejeros -- giving
their reasons for nullifying the results of the convention.
Bonifacio and his supporters believed that Aguinaldo's men were responsible for
the chaos at the Tejeros convention. He believed that Aguinaldo's men had
maneuvered him out of power. Indeed, it was a rude awakening for him because
even the Magdiwangs, his followers, did not vote for him either for President or
Vice-President.
Adding insult to an injury, Daniel Tirona, a Magdalo, protested Bonifacio's
election as Director of the Interior saying that the post should be held by a
person with a lawyer's diploma. Bonifacio, outraged by the insult by Tirona,
angrily declared: "I, as chairman of this assembly and as President of the
Supreme Council of the Katipunan, as all of you do not deny, declare this
assembly dissolved, and I annul all that has been approved and resolved."
At Naik, where Bonifacio subsequently moved his Magdiwang forces after the
failed Tejeros convention, Bonifacio and his supporters drew up another document
-- known as the Naik Military Agreement -- in which they resolved to establish a
government independent and separate from the one established at Tejeros.
Bonifacio and his supporters proceeded in forming a government. The government
was called Haring Bayang Katagalugan (Sovereign Country of the Tagalog
Arhipelago). They printed its Cartilla, a small handbook containing the rules,
the 14-point code of ethics, and the recruitment process. In it, the Katipunan
declared that the word "Tagalog" stood for "all who were born in this
archipelago… hence Visayans, Ilocanos and Pampangos were all Tagalogs"
("Filipino" during the Spanish regime was a Spaniard born in the Philippines and
the natives were called "indios"). The following were elected as officers of the
de-facto government of Haring Bayang Katagalugan: Andres Bonifacio as President;
Emilio Jacinto as Minister of State; Teodoro Plata as Minister of War; Aguedo
del Rosario as Minister of the Interior; Briccio Pantas as Minister of Justice;
Enrique Pacheco as Minister Finance; Silvestre Baltazar as Treasurer General;
Daniel Tirona as Secretary General. Unfortunately, the Bonifacio government was
never recognized because they were all busy fighting the Spanish colonial
forces.
Upon learning of the Naik Military Agreement, Aguinaldo sent a contingent of
soldiers to arrest Bonifacio and his brothers Procopio and Ciriaco. The
confrontation became deadly. Ciriaco was killed and Bonifacio and Procopio were
wounded. They were brought to Naik to face a military tribunal. Albeit the
absence of evidence, the Bonifacio brothers were found guilty of treason and
sedition and recommended for execution. Aguinaldo commuted the sentence to
deportation. However, Generals Mariano Noriel and Pio del Pilar, both former
allies of Bonifacio, convinced Aguinaldo to withdraw his order and proceed with
the execution. They believed that as long as Bonifacio was alive, there would be
no unity. On May 10, 1897, the Bonifacio brothers were executed by Aguinaldo
soldiers at the foot of Mt. Tala and buried in shallow graves without markers.
On June 12 ,1898, Aguinaldo proclaimed the independence of the Philippines and
installed a "Dictatorial Government" that would be temporary in nature until
peace is achieved at which time it may be "modified by the nation, in which
rests the principle of authority."
On March 23, 1901, exactly fours years after he took his first oath of office,
Aguinaldo was captured by American forces in Palanan, Isabela. Thus ended the
Philippine revolution started by Bonifacio.
Today, Andres Bonifacio's admirers believe that he was the first president of
the Philippines. He organized the Katipunan and led the revolution against
Spain. They believed that not only was he the first president of the country, he
should be accorded the title of "National Hero" of the Philippines.
Had the historians robbed Andres Bonifacio of his rightful place in Philippine
history? Shouldn't Bonifacio precede Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo as the acknowledged
Father of the Philippines? Shouldn't his stature as a "National Hero" supercede
Dr. Jose Rizal?
(PerryDiaz@aol.com)
# # #
Dear Friends:
FILAM-MEDIA is a list-serve for releasing news or community articles to the
Filipino-American media. I hope you will find this article of interest to you.
Please feel free to publish this article in its entirety or any part of it
provided it is within the context of the original article. If you have any
questions or need further information, please contact me at:
FILAM-MEDIA-owner@yahoogroups.com.
With all the best,
Perry Diaz
Moderator
|
|
Posted on Saturday, January 22 @ 14:05:06 CST by don |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
Related Links |
|
|
|
Article Rating |
|
|
|
Options |
|
|
|
|
| | The comments are owned by the poster. We aren't responsible for their content. |
|
|
|
|
|
No Comments Allowed for Anonymous, please register |
|
|
|
|
Gutom sa Karunungan :: Gutom sa Kalinangan :: Gutom sa Katotohanan :: Gutom sa Pagbabago
Hunger for Knowledge :: Hunger for Enlightenment :: Hunger for Truth :: Hunger for Change
The opinions, postings, and articles in in this website do not
necessarily reflect the orientation or represent the opinions of Gutom.org, its
owners, administrators, members, and affiliates nor that of FreeSparrow, LLC. members, management, employees and affiliates. The (opinions, postings and
articles) have been approved for informational purposes only. In addition, Gutom.org may contain copyrighted material the use of which has not always been
specifically authorized by the copyright owner. We believe this constitutes a
"fair use" of such material under 17 U.S.C. Section 107. Members and readers
wishing to use copyrighted material for or from this site for purposes that go
beyond "fair use," must obtain permission from the copyright owner.
For more info about this site please contact Team Gutom by
CLICKING THIS LINK.
Gutom.Org is an interactive on-line service operated by FreeSparrow, LLC. on the World Wide Web of the Internet, consisting of information
services and content provided by FreeSparrow, LLC., affiliates of FreeSparrow, LLC. and other third parties.
All logos and trademarks in this site are property of their respective owner.
The comments are property of their posters, all the rest © 2005 by Gutom.Org,
and by FreeSparrow, LLC..
Disclaimer
:: Terms of Use
:: Privacy
Policy
PHP-Nuke Copyright © 2004 by Francisco Burzi. This is free software, and you may redistribute it under the .
PHP-Nuke comes with absolutely no warranty, for details, see the .
Powered by
Page Generation: 0.60 Seconds
:: skyLineBlue phpbb2 style by Volize Web Solutions :: PHP-Nuke theme by www.nukemods.com ::
| |
